Las Gupt Dictionary and Grammar

a-, na-	about (with numerals)
aherat-	to stand
aho, eho	storehouse, treasury
ahro-	what? why?
aiai	to increase
ajen-	without
ale	to go up
amahte	prevail, grasp, rule
amahte	power
ameiten	come!
amente	Hades
amou	come!
an	not
anai	to be pleasing, pleasant
anaS, pl. anauS	oath
anok	I
ape, pl. apEue	head
apot	cup
aS	who? what?
as	old
aS enhe	how?
aSai	to become many, multiply
aSkak	to cry out
aspe	language
atCom	powerless, unable
athEt, athEu	without mind, senseless
atnahte	to be unbelieving
atsoouen	to be ignorant
atsOtem	disobedience
auO	and
bal	eye
beke	wage
belle	blind person
berre	new, young
bOk	go, depart
bol	outside
bOl	loosen
Cale	lame, a cripple
-Ce	then, therefore
CemCom	to be strong, able
CepE	to hasten
CepE, hnouCepE	quickly
CerOb	staff, rod
Cij	hand
CinCor	talent
Cine	to find
CloC	bed
CO	to continue, remain
Col	lie, liar
COlep	uncover, open, reveal
Com	power, strength
COm, pl. Coom	field, possession
Cones	injustice, unrighteousness
COnet	wrath
COOle	to clothe, cover
COpe	to seize, take
COSet	to look, see
Cot	size, age, form
CroC, CrooC, pl. CrOOC	seed
Croompe	dove
e-, ero-	to, for, as regards
ebol	out, forth
ebot, pl. ebate	month
ehe, ahe	yes
ehoue-	more, rather than, than
ehoun e-	to, toward, into
ei	come, go
Ei, Eei	house
eia, eiat-	eye
eibe	thirst
eie	then
eiero, iero	river
eime	to know, understand
eine	to bring, bear
eine	to resemble, likeness
eiO	to wash
eiOreh	to see, perceive
eiOt, pl. eiote	father
eire	make, do
eis-	behold
ejen, ejem, ejO	upon, over, against, for, to
eloole	grape
emate, emmate	greatly, very
emhaau, emhaou	tomb, cave
emkah	pain, difficulty
emmen-, men-	there is not, are not; no one
emmEne	daily
emmin, emmo-	ones’s own, self
emmon	no, if not
empo	speechless, dumb
empoue	far
empSa	to be worthy
emto	before, in front of
emton	to be at rest
emton	rest, ease, relief
en-, emmo-	of; object
enCi	namely
ene	if
eneh	age; eternal
enhEt-	in, from
enhouo	more, rather, very
enka	thing, everything
enkotek	to sleep
enoueSen, oueSen	without
ensa-	except
ensa-	behind, after, at
ente-, enta-	of
enten-, entoot-	in, by. with, beside
enteunou	immediately
enthE	as, just as
entof	but, rather
eoou	honor, glory
epahou	behind, backward
Epe	number
erat-	to
eren-	to, upon
Erep	wine
erEt	to vow, promise, devote
-erEu	each other
erhouo	to exceed
erpe	temple
erro, pl. errOou	king, Caesar
esEt	downward
eSje	if
esoou	sheep
eSOpe	if
eSSe, Se	it is fitting, necessary
etbe-	because of, concerning
etbEEt-	because of, concerning
etbeje-	because
etoot-	to
fi	to bear, carry, take
fO, bO	hair
fOCe, bOCe	to leap, seize, rob
ftoou	four
ha-, haro-	under, from, for, concerning
hae	last, end
hah	many, much
haibes	shadow
halEt, pl. halate	bird
hap	judgment
hapes	it is needful, necessary
hareh	to keep, guard
harO-	before, in front of
hat	silver
hatehE	in front of, before
haten	beside, at, with
hbour	left hand
he	manner, thus, as, way
he	to fall
hE	belly, womb
he e-	to find
hE, hEt-	beginning; forward
hEbe	grief, mourning
hEbes	lamp
hebso	garment
hEke	poor
hello	old person
hemhal	servant, slave
hen-	in, at, on, by
henouSesne	suddenly
herSire	youth
hEt	heart, mind
hEu	to benefit, profit
hi, hiOO-	on, at, thus, and
hibol	outside
hiE, pl. hiooue	road, way
hieib	lamb
hihE	before, in front of
hijen-, hijO-	upon, over
hioue	to strike, beat, cast
hipahou	behind, after
hiren-	at, upon
hise	to toil, be troubled
hise	labor, weariness
hiten-, hitoot-	through, by, from
hitoun-, hitouO-	beside, next; neighbor
hko	to be hungry
hme	forty
hmoos	to sit, dwell, marry
hmou	grace
hnaau	vessel, jar
hne-, hna-, ehna-	to be willing, think good
ho	face
hOb, pl. hbEue	thing, work, event
hObes	to cover, be covered
hoeine	some, certain
hoeite	garment
hof, pl. hboui	serpent
homent	copper, bronze, money
hOn	to approach, draw near
hOn	to command
hOO-	self, also
hoou	day
hoou	bad, wicked, evil
hoout	man, husband
hOp	to hide, be hidden
hOt	to sail
hote	to fear
hOteb	to kill
hOtep	to be reconciled; sink (sun, stars)
houeit	first, beginning
houo, epehouo	great, greatly, very
hray, hrai, ehrai	upward, downward
hre	food
hreb	form, likeness
hroou, hra-	voice, sound
hroS	to be heavy, slow
hto, pl. htOOr	horse
htooue	dawn, at dawn
jaeie, jaie	desert
jaje, pl. jijeeue	enemy
je-	that, because
jekas	in order that
jen-, je-	or
jero	to burn, kindle
ji	receive, take, bring
ji-moeit	to lead, guide
jin-	from, since
jinenSorep	first, before, from the beginning
jise	to be high, exalt
ji-tipe	to taste
jnou	to ask, enquire
jO	say, speak, tell
jo	to sow, plant
jO	cup
jo	to put, spend
jO-	head
joeis	lord
joeit	olive tree
jOh	to touch
jOhem	to be defiled, unclean
joi, pl. ejEu	boat
jOk	to fill, fulfill
jOOme	book
jOOre (1)	to bring to naught, hinder
jOOre (2)	to be strong, mighty
joou	to send
jOrep	to stumble, trip
jouOt	twenty
jpio	to blame, upbraid
jpo	to beget, acquire
jro	to be strong, victorious
kah	earth, soil
kake	darkness
kaS	reed, pen
ke-	other, even, also
kEkahEu	to strip, make naked
kemto	earthquake
kente	fig
kim	to move, be moved
klom	crown
kloole	cloud
kO	place, set, permit
kOh	envy, zeal
kOh	to be zealous
kOhet	fire
kOlej	to bend
kOnes	to pierce, slay
kOt	build, edify
kOt	building, edification
kOte	to turn, return, surround
kOte	round about
koui, kouei	small, few
kro	shore, farther side
krof	guile
kto	to turn, return, surround
laau	no one, nothing
las	tongue, language
lo	to cease, stop, be healed
loiCe	cause, excuse
ma	place
maab	thirty
maaje	ear, bushel
maau	mother
maein	sign, wonder
mase	calf
mate	only
matoi	soldier
mau, mmau	there
mauaa-	alone, single
me	truth
me	to love
mEESe	multitude, many
meeue	thought, mind
meeue	to think
mehsaSef	seventh
mehsnau	second
mehSoment	third
menensa-, menensO-	after
mentatnahte	unbelief
mentatsebbe	uncircumcision
mentCOb	weakness
mente-	not to have
mentero, menterro, pl. menterrOou	kingdom, reign
menthareShEt	long-suffering
mentmentre	testimony
mentna	alms
mentre	witness, testimony
mentremenrEt	wisdom
mentremhe	freedom
mentremmao	riches, wealth
mentremraS	gentleness
mentsnoous	twelve
merit	beloved
merre	chain, bond
meSak	perhaps
mEt, ment-	ten
mEte	middle
mine	of such kind, natue, quality
miSe	to fight, attack
mise	to bear, bring forth
mn-	with, and
mokmek	to think, ponder; thought
moone	to pasture, feed
mooSe	walk, go
moou, pl. moueiooue	water
mooun	to come to land, into port
moout	dead
moste	to hate
mou	to die
mou	death
mouh	to fill, complete
moukeh	to afflict, oppress
moun	to remain, continue
mouout	to kill
mour	to bind, gird, tie
mouSet	to search out, reflect, consider
moute	speak, call
n-	with, by; to, for
na	to have pity, mercy
na	pity, mercy
na	to go
na-	with obj suffixes
naa-	great
nahren-, nahra-	in presence of, before
nahte	to trust, believe
naiat-	blessed
name	truly
nanou-	good
naSe-, naSO-	many, great
nau	look, see
nau	hour, time
neh	oil
nEu	to go
nim	every, all, who (interrog)
nim	who?
nobe	sin
noC	great, large
noCneC	to reproach, mock
noeik	to commit adultery
nofre	profit, advantage
noub	gold, golden
nouCes	to be angry
nouhem	to save, rescue
nouj	lying, false
nouje	throw, cast
noun	abyss
noune	root
noute	God
obhe	tooth
ObS	to be forgotten; sleep
oeik	bread
ohe	fold (for sheep)
Ohes	to reap
Ohes	harvest
on	again, also, still
One	stone
Onh	to live, life
OO	to conceive, be pregnant
Op	to count, number, reckon
Orej	firmness, assurance
Orek	to swear (an oath)
OS	to read
OS	to cry out
ose	loss, damage
Osek	to delay, continue
ou	what? who?
ou(e)eienin	Greek
oua	one
oua	blasphemy
ouaa-, ouaat-	alone, self
ouaab	pure, holy
oubaS	to be white
oube-, oubE-	opposite, toward, against
ouEEb	priest
ouehsahne	to command
oueine	to pass by
ouen-	there is, are
ouente-, ouent-, ouenta-	to have
ouEr	how great, many, much?
ouerEte	foot
oujai	to be whole, safe; salvation
ounam	right hand
ounou	hour
ouO	to cease; already
ouO	news, report
ouO	to blossom, sprout
ouoei, ouoi	woe!
ouoeie	farmer
ouoein	light (lux)
ouoeiS	time
ouOh	put, set, dwell in, follow
ouOhem	to answer, reply
ouOm	to eat
ouon	someone, something
ouOn	to open, be open
ouOn	part (in composition with a numeral)
ouOneh	to show, manifest, appear
ouOS	to desire, wish
ouOSeb	to answer
ouOsef	to annul, bring to naught
ouOSet	to worship
ouOt	single, alone, one, unity
ouSE	night
p(e)	the
pahre	to heal
pai	this
pat	knee
patSeleet	bridegroom
pE	that
pe, pl. pEue	heaven
pe, te, ne	it is, there are
pei, pi	kiss
peje, peja-	say
pethoou	evil, wickedness
petnanou-	good
pO-	possessive pronoun
pOh	to reach, attain, succeed, split
pOh	to break, burst, tear
pOhet	to bend, fall
pOhet	to pour, flow
pOOne	to change, turn
poou, empoou	today
pOrej	to divide, separate
pOrej	separation, division
pOreS	to spread, stretch
pOS	to divide, break
pOSes	to be amazed, turn aside
pOt	run, flee, go
poua	each
ptEref	the whole, all creation
ran	name
raSe	to rejoice; joy
raste	morrow
rat-	foot
rE	sun
refernobe	sinner
refjioue	thief
remeiE, pl. remeiooue	tear(s)
remmao	rich man
rime	to weep
rmhe	free person
rO	indeed, even, but
ro, rO-	mouth, door
roeis	to be awake, watch
rOhet	to strike, hit
rOkeh	to burn
rOme	man, human being
rompe	year
roouS	to have care for; anxiety
rOSe	to be sufficient
rouhe	evening
sa	side, part
Sa (1)	to rise, shine
Sa (2)	festival
Sa-, Saro-	to, toward
saaneS	to nourish, rear
sabe	wise
Sabol	to the end, forever
sah	teacher
Sah	flame, fire
sahou	to curse
Saje	word, saying
Saje	to speak, say
saS, pl. sESe	stroke, blow, sore
saSef	seven
sate	fire
SbEr, pl. Sbeer	friend, comrade
SbererhOb	fellow-worker
Sberhemhal	fellow-servant
sbO, pl. sbooue	doctrine, teaching
sCEr	to sail
Se	hundred
Se	wood
se, ense	yes
sebbe	circumcision
sebbe	to circumcise
sEC	foal
sEC (Qual.)	to be paralyzed
seepe	remainder, rest
sEfe	sword, knife
sei, si	to be filled
Seleet	bride; marriage
SEm	small, little
Semmo	stranger
SemSe	to serve, worship
SemSe	service, worship
SEn	tree
SenhtE-	to have compassion on
sente	foundation
SEre	son, daughter, child
shai	write
shai	writing, letter
shime, pl. hiome	woman, wife
Si	measure, weight
Si	to measure
Sibe	to change, be changed
Sine	to seek, ask
sine	to pass though, across
Sine	inquiry
siou	star
Sipe	to shame, be ashamed
Skak	to cry out
SlEl	to pray
SlEl	prayer
smE	voice
smine	to establish, set in order
smot	form, pattern, manner
smou	to bless, praise
smou	blessing
snau	two
Sne, pl. SnEu	net
snof	blood
sO	to drink
So	thousand
so	to spare, refrain
sObe	to laugh, mock
sobte, softe	to be ready, prepare
soC	fool
soCen	ointment
soeit	fame, report
Sojne	counsel, design
sOk	to draw, gather, lead
Soment	three
son, pl. snEu	brother
SOne	to be weak
sOne	daughter
SOne	weakness
sOnet	creation
sOnet	custom
sOnet	to create
Sonte	thorn-bush
sOOf	to defile, pollute
soohe	to be upright, withdraw
soone	robber
SOOt	to cut, sacrifice
SOOt	to cut, be lacking; sacrifice
soou	six
Sooue	to be dry
soouen	knowledge
soouen, sooun	to know
sOouh	to gather
soouten	to be straight, upright
SOp	recive, take, buy, suffer
sop, sep, sOOp	occasion, time
SOpe	become, befall, be
sopes	to ask, beseech, comfort
sopes	prayer, exhortation
sopsep	to ask, beseech, comfort
sOrem	to be lost, err
Sorep	first, earliest
SorSer	to upset, overturn
sOS	to despise, scorn
SOs	flock, herd
sOSe	field, country
sOte	to redeem; ransom
sOtem	to hear
sOtem	hearing
sOtep	to choose; chosen
Soueit	empty, vain
souo	wheat, grain
SouSou	to boast
SouSou, SouSo	boasting, pride
SpEre	wonder, amazement
Stam	to shut, be shut
Steko, pl. StekOou	prison
StEn	garment
sto, testo	to disqualify, annul
Storter	to be disturbed, troubled
Storter	disturbance, trouble
taeio	honor
taho	to stand
tajro	to make strong, firm
tako	to destroy, perish
tako	destruction, ruin
talCo	to heal
talo	to lift up, go up
tamio	to make, create
tamo	to tell, inform
tanho	to make alive, be alive
tanhout	to trust, believe
taouo, tauo	to send
tap	horn
tapro	mouth
taSeoeiS	proclaim, preach
tba	ten thousand
tbet, tEbet	fish
tCaeio, Caeio	to condemn
tebbo	to cleanse, purify
tebbo	purification
tebnE	beast
telEl	to rejoice
tennoou	to send
tenou	now
tEr-	all, whole, every
tEu	wind
thab	leaven
thebbio	to be humble
thebbio	humility
ti	give
tihtE-	to look to, pay heed to
time, tme	village
tiou	five
ti-ouoei	to go forward, approach
titOn	strife
tmaeio	to justify
tOh	to be mixed
tOhem	to call, invite
tOhem	calling (invitation)
tOk	to strengthen
tOm	to shut
tOmes	to bury
tOmet, tOment	to meet, befall
tOn	where?
tonten	to be like, liken to
tOObe	to repay, requite
tOOCe, tOCe (1)	to be joined, cleave to
tOOCe, tOCe (2)	to plant
toot-	hand
toou, pl. toueiE	mountain
tooue	shoe
tOoun	to raise, arise
tOrep	to seize, rob
tOres	to anoint
tOS	to limit, determine
toS	border, limit
toujo	to save, be saved
tounos	to raise up, set up
touo	to show
tpe, entpe	above, over, up
tsabo	to teach, show
tso	to give to drink

Las Gupt Grammar

The vocabulary is (so far) pure Sahidic Coptic, in my own romanization. The grammar is a subset of Esperanto grammar, simple and easy to learn.

Plurals

Coptic has a diversity of plural forms and irregular plurals. They may be used if they appear in the dictionary (only 26 do), or one may simplify them, using preferably -ui, -ue, or -oue, but -e and -Eue are also acceptable. This will be worked out in the course of using the language.

Verb Tenses

Verbal terminations are modeled after Esperanto ones, e.g. peje, peja to say:

past: pejise, present: pejase; future: pejose; conditional: pejuse; imperative: peju! or pejou!

Pronouns

The pronouns are the ones given in the dictionary.

This file will be updated as needed in the future.

Copyright © 2023 by Donald C. Traxler.

Synoptica XXXIX - Understanding the Synoptic Gospels

 

The first thing to understand about the Synoptic Gospels is that they are literary creations. They postdate the texts of Paul's "Christianity" (Messianism). Each can be traced to a likely locus, and each had its intended audience. Mark was probably written in Rome, for the Romans, I am willing to accept, at least for now, the priority of Mark. I have shown Luke to be more primitive than Matthew. Luke, which was written for Greek-speaking goyim, may have been written in a place such as Antioch, where Latin, Greek, and Hebrew were known and had their respective communities. It is often assumed that Matthew originated in Jerusalem, since it was clearly written for Jews, who had no need of explanations regarding Jewish customs. I believe, though, that it may just as well have come from Alexandria, where excellent Greek was spoken, where there was a large Jewish community, and where Egyptian proverbs, in their  Coptic versions, would have been known.

I make that last point specifically because of Mt. 6:34, which does not appear in either of the other Synoptics. It includes the proverbial saying, "Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof." The word "evil" is now usually glossed as "trouble," which seems a more appropriate word choice. It was, in fact, glossed as "trouble" (tsurith) in Shem Tob's Hebrew Matthew. The correct word, though, is "evil" ("kakia" in the canonical Greek text, and "malitia" in the Latin of the Vulgate). We can be sure of this because of a play on words, one that exists only in Egyptian: Coptic (Late Egyptian) "evil" = "hoou" and "day" also = "hoou." It is, thus, an Egyptian proverb.

The second thing to understand about the Gospels is that they are fiction. Details of the "passion narrative" such as "My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?" and the soldiers casting lots for the garments are taken from Psalm 22, where the "piercing" of the hands and feet should actually be "binding." The story of  "Joseph of Arimathea (a place, by the way, of which there is no record)," a rich man who supposedly donated his own tomb, is based on a misreading in the "Suffering Servant" portion of Isaiah (about which I have previously written). A textual misreading in the Hebrew Bible was thus carried over into the New Testament, where it became the basis of a fictional detail. The idea of "walking on water" is also based on a textual misunderstanding. It never happened.

Copyright © 2023 by Donald C. Traxler.

Portraits X - Conclusion

 

Shona: zuva / zuva

Somali: gorraxdu / maalin

Swahili: yua / siku

Sundanese: pononpoe / dinten

   ("eye of the day" / "day")

Tagalog: araw / araw

Thai: Dwng xathith / Wan

   ("eye of the day" / "day")

Tajik: oftob / rûz

Telugu: suryudu / rôju

Tsonga: dyambu / siku

Turkish: günéS /gün

Turkoman: gün /gün

Twi: awia / da

Uzbek: quyosh / kun

Vasco (Euskara, Basque): eguzkia / eguna

Vietnamese: mat tròi / ngày

   ("eye of heaven" / "day")

Xhosa: ilanga / usuku

Yoruba: oorun / ojo

Zulu: ilanga / usuku

Coptic (Sahidic): re / hoou*

* Note that Coptic (Late Egyptian, written in a form of the Greek alphabet) /hoou/ comes from a Middle Egyptian form /hru/ which was probably pronounced "haru."

I was inspired by the Indonesian "matahari" ("sun" = "eye of the day") to check the word for "eye" in several languages:

Samoan: mata

Malagasy: maso

Malay: mata

Hawaiian: maka (= mata, due to t/k sound shift in Hawaiian)

Mizo (a Tibeto-Burman language): mit

Burmese: myetci (myetsi)

Cebuano (a Bisayan language of the Philippines): mata

Ilokano: mata

Indonesian: mata

Tagalog: mata

Vietnamese: mat (there should be a brève accent over the vowel). Vietnamese is an Austroasiatic (mainland Southeast Asian) language. The word "mata" for "eye" is characteristic of the Austronesian (Pacific Island) languages.

Greek: máti

The forms checked, for "sun" and "day," very effectively corroborate known linguistic familial relationships, and may possibly suggest a few new ones.

Text and images Copyright © 2023 by Donald C. Traxler.

Portraits IX

 

Text and image Copyright © 2023 by Donald C. Traxler aka Yablom.